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La storia dello ZX Spectrum

Ripercorriamo la storia dell'unica vera alternativa al dominio incontrastato del C64

Retrogaming di Iacopo Risi

Nel 1982 la britannica Sinclair Electronics lanciò la sfida alle compagnie hi-tech americane che dominavano il mercato dell’home computing. In particolare, il suo iconico ZX Spectrum è stato l’unico microcomputer in grado di rivaleggiare la supremazia del leggendario ma costoso Commodore 64. Nonostante alcune lacune in ambito multimediale, lo ZX Spectrum comprendeva un ampio catalogo di videogiochi, alcuni dei quali hanno fatto la storia del medium videoludico, ed offriva robuste ed efficienti soluzioni per addentrarsi nell’affascinante mondo della programmazione. Nella mia esperienza personale da “sinclairista”, posso affermare che quasi tutti i (pochi) possessori dello ZX Spectrum appartenenti alla mia cerchia di amici e compagni di scuola avevano coltivato nel tempo una seria passione per l’informatica ed alcuni, compreso il sottoscritto, l’hanno trasformata in professione. Mentre per quanto riguarda il (vasto)  gruppo di “commodoriani”, beh, mi è difficile ricordare qualcuno che sia andato oltre un paio di banali listati.
Recentemente lo ZX Spectrum è tornato a far parlare di sé con il recente lancio di Spectrum ZX Vega, una retroconsole realizzata dalla compagnia Retro Computers Ltd, e come piattaforma videoludica di riferimento in “Bandersnatch”, il primo film interattivo della serie “Black Mirror” su Netflix, ambientato negli anni ottanta e basato sulla storia di un misterioso videogioco.

Nella mente di un visionario

Il geniale personaggio che si nasconde dietro lo ZX Spetrum è il londinese Clive Sinclair (classe 1940), appassionato di nuove tecnologie ed eclettico inventore autodidatta, che dopo una breve carriera di giornalista tecnico, decise nel 1962 di fondare una società specializzata in amplificatori e apparecchi radiofonici. L’aspetto più curioso della neonata Sinclair Radionics è legato al modello business, basato sul sistema di vendita per corrispondenza. Una scelta pionieristica che nel giro di pochi anni permise all’azienda di raggiungere un fatturato di circa 100.000 sterline, ampliare il catalogo a tutta la componentistica Hi-Fi e diventare un punto di riferimento per le nascenti imprese hi-tech britanniche. Tuttavia le ambizioni dell’intraprendente Sinclair andavano ben oltre la distribuzione di componenti elettronici all’avanguardia. A dieci anni dalla sua fondazione, Sinclair Radionics lanciò sul mercato “Executive”, la prima calcolatrice tascabile al mondo con un prezzo iniziale pari a 79 sterline.

Alcuni anni più tardi, dopo una sensibile perdita di utili a causa dello scarso successo dell’orologio digitale Black Watch, la società inglese venne salvata dalla bancarotta dal governo inglese che ne acquistò una partecipazione pari al 43%. Fu solo l’inizio di un progressivo declino del primo progetto imprenditoriale di Sinclair che, dopo un’altra serie di prodotti innovativi ma dallo scarso successo commerciale, nel 1979 rassegnò le dimissioni da tutte le posizioni esecutive. Il colpo di grazia per la società, ormai appartenente al governo inglese per il 73%, venne inflitto dall’agguerrita concorrenza giapponese, che si presentò sul mercato hi-tech con prezzi estremamente concorrenziali. Nel 1980 Sinclair Radionics chiuse definitivamente e Clive Sinclair, affascinato dai primi personal computer, decise di fondare la sua nuova impresa, la Sinclair Electronics.

I microcomputer secondo Sinclair

La nuova società entrò subito nel giovane settore dell’home computing, lanciando nel febbraio 1980 il Sinclair ZX80, un microcomputer con CPU a 8 bit venduto ad un prezzo inferiore di cento sterline. Lo ZX80 fu un discreto successo commerciale, con 100.000 unità vendute in tutto il mondo, un primato che venne letteralmente polverizzato dal suo successore, lo ZX81 che l’anno successivo superò addirittura il milione. Anche in questo caso l’allettante prezzo di listino, 69.95 sterline, contribuì alla larga diffusione del prodotto.
Il 1982 è l’anno dello ZX82 che venne ribattezzato ZX Spectrum per un semplice motivo: con questo modello Sinclair abbandonava i dispositivi silenziosi e monocromatici per creare un sistema ad ampio spettro cromatico e sonoro. La nuova linea di computer domestici doveva poter ospitare una vasta gamma di applicazioni che comprendeva programmi educativi, software di modellazione grafica e, naturalmente, videogiochi. Lanciato sul mercato in due versioni, 48K e 16K espandibile, lo ZX Spectum è stato il prodotto Sinclair più venduto di sempre con oltre 5 milioni di unità vendute. Il vero tratto distintivo del prodotto era la tastiera a membrana con i suoi inconfondibili tasti di gomma, croce e delizia dei “sinclairisti”, incastonata in un minuto chassis in metallo di colore prevalentemente nero dalle estremità tondeggianti.

Dal punto di vista tecnico lo ZX Spectrum visualizzava una risoluzione su schermo di 256×192 pixel, una palette cromatica da otto colori (nero, verde, blu, rosso, magenta, celeste ciano, giallo e bianco) che in via teorica poteva essere quasi raddoppiata, grazie ad un sistema di amplificazione della luminosità (era escluso il nero luminoso). Aveva inoltre un sistema di lampeggiamento e font di caratteri di dimensioni 8×8 pixel. Non venne commercializzato con un monitor apposito, bensì poteva essere collegato ad un comune televisore PAL.
L’apparato sonoro si basava su un modesto “beeper”, un rudimentale dispositivo elettroacustico simile al PC speaker. Questa limitazione poteva essere risolta tramite ingegnose soluzioni software che potevano generare polifonie e addirittura sintesi vocali. I risultati non potevano però raggiungere il livello dei sistemi dotati di chip audio. Lo ZX Spectrum non aveva un’interfaccia joystick integrata, che doveva essere acquistata separatamente anche da terze parti, come la celebre Tenkolek. Ma i puristi giocatori “sinclairisti” usavano preferibilmente la tastiera nella classica configurazione Q-alto, A-basso, O-sinistra, P-destra, M-primario, N-secondario.
Come la maggior parte dei microcomputer dell’epoca, il supporto fisico dello ZX Spectrum era il nastro magnetico usato per le comuni audiocassette che poteva girare su qualsiasi registratore a cassette collegato tramite cavo mini-jack al computer.

Qualcosa di più di una macchina di gioco

Lo ZX Spectrum era un prodotto le cui ambizioni prescindevano dall’aspetto prettamente ludico. Era la soluzione ideale per i primi giovanissimi smanettoni grazie ad un performante interprete del Sinclair BASIC, una sorta di dialetto del celebre linguaggio di programmazione e l’intuitiva mappatura dei principali comandi su ogni singolo tasto. Ad esempio, per scrivere ‘PRINT’ bastava premere semplicemente il tasto ‘P’. Questo velocizzava non poco la scrittura di routine. Sulla ROM del computer risiedeva inoltre un blocco di testo nativo, denominato “tavola di token”, che garantiva un risparmio di memoria ed offriva un supporto fondamentale per gli errori di sintassi. Al tempo le edicole erano piene di riviste contenenti tutorial e listati di interi programmi, addirittura videogiochi. Insomma, lo ZX Spectrum era il sistema più rapido, economico ed intuitivo per chi volesse muovere i primi passi nel campo dello sviluppo software. Non a caso è stata la piattaforma prediletta dai primi artigiani del videogioco come Julian Gollop, padre di X-Com e Matthew Smith, autore dei leggendari Manic Miner e Jet Set Willy.

Nonostante un’evoluzione grafica di tutto rispetto, il suo comparto audiovisivo era di gran lunga inferiore a quello offerto dal contemporaneo C64, il quale, lato BASIC, appariva però meno versatile. Ma la questione è tutt’ora oggetto di discussione sui vari forum retrotecnologici.
Per questa ragione, un pò controcorrente, trovo indeguato parlare di rivalità tra ZX Spectrum e il microcomputer Commodore. Probabilmente nel settore dei microcomputer, il prodotto Sinclair risultò l’avversario più agguerrito rispetto ai sistemi Armstrad e MSX Toshiba, ma in termini di vendite la differenza era comunque rilevante. Una concorrenza che non ha niente a che fare quindi con la rivalità tra Amiga ed Atari ST o l’eterna console war. Oltretutto lo Spectum 48K costava circa la metà, quasi 500.000 lire contro le 970.000 lire del C64 al lancio.
Anche se la diatriba C64 vs. ZX Spectrum è tutt’altro che lontana dal placarsi, dal punto di vista multimediale, senza snocciolare caratteristiche hardware di ambo i sistemi, è possibile fare una valutazione con i propri occhi. Il confronto risulta impietoso, eccezion fatta per i primi esperimenti in grafica vettoriale in cui la performante CPU del sistema Sinclair si comportava dignitosamente. Oltre alla mancanza dell’interfaccia joystick e chip sonoro, la gestione della grafica dello ZX Spectrum era affidata ad un integrato generico, che costringeva a creare sprites attraverso complicate implementazioni software. Ma la vera croce dei giocatori “sinclairisti” era legata al famigerato effetto “colour clash”, ovvero la sovrapposizione dei colori su schermo dato che non era possibile visualizzare più di due colori all’interno di una cella da 8×8 pixel.

Per questa ragione la maggior parte dei giochi dello ZX Spectrum erano monocromatici o avevano sfondi completamente bianchi o neri anche in ambientazioni non del tutto adeguate. Uno degli esempi più esplicativi era il principale titolo calcistico, Match Day II, in cui il prato verde, già di per sé un attentato alle cornee, risultava una pessima soluzione durante la sovrapposizione degli sprite dei calciatori. Per fortuna era possibile impostare i colori. Può sembrare strano un campo di calcio nero, ma alla fine, posso confermarlo, ci si faceva l’abitudine.

L’importanza è nei dettagli

Le limitazioni grafiche dello ZX Spectrum, più che un ostacolo, rappresentavano una vera e propria sfida. Se non era sempre possibile aggirare il problema a colpi di routine, la straordinaria creatività degli autori di videogiochi dell’epoca permetteva di agire su altri fattori, come la cura del dettaglio che spesso risultava assai superiore rispetto alla colorata ma cubettosa grafica del C64. Un esempio concreto?Super Hang-on, amatissimo simulatore arcade motociclistico, preso in esame anche nella seguente carrellata di comparazioni.

Il parco giochi dello ZX Spectrum era piuttosto ampio, contando centinaia di titoli. Tra questi, un gran numero di conversioni di coin-op, anche se quest’ultimi, nella maggior parte dei casi, risultavano prodotti di scarsa qualità. Questo perchè la famosa compagnia U.S. Gold, come nel caso di Amiga e C64, acquistava le costosissime le licenze dei titoli da sala giochi per realizzare conversioni frettolose a ridosso delle festività natalizie. Naturalmente, come tutti i microcomputer dell’epoca, lo ZX Spectrum introdusse i primi titoli strategici, simulazioni, gestionali e avventure grafiche, in cui la tastiera rappresentava la periferica ideale e, nel caso di giochi testuali, indubbiamente imprescindibile.
Non mancavano titoli esclusivi come i leggendari Cookie e PSST! per lo Spectrum 16K o la serie Rebelstar, Back To School e Chequered Flag per la versione a 48 Kilobyte. A questi si aggiungono giochi multipiattaforma sviluppati inizialmente per i microcomputer Sinclair, come Jet-Pac, Manic Miner e Knight Lore.

Un declino secondo copione

Le motivazioni del declino dello ZX Spectrum e Sinclair Electronics non sono molto diverse dal destino di molti sistemi dell’epoca. La società continuò a sviluppare nuovi computer, tra cui una versione a tastiera rigida dello ZX Spectrum 48K, denominata ZX Spectrum Plus, ma nessun prodotto successivo raggiunse il successo del primo modello dello ZX Spectrum. Il successore ufficiale, Spectrum QL fu un fallimento di vendite in un periodo già commercialmente complicato a causa dell’arrivo dei primi sistemi a 16 bit. Nel 1986 Clive Sinclair decise di vendere la società ad Armstrad che non riuscì mai a risollevarne le sorti. La produzione dei computer ZX Spectrum venne interrotta definitivamente nel 1992.

SCHEDA TECNICA
Tastiera:
Simil-meccanica QWERTY tastiera di tipo QL
CPU: Zilog Z80 A
Velocità: 3.5 MHz
RAM: 16K/48K
ROM: 16K
Risoluzione: 256 x 192
Colori: 8 con due tonalità (normal e bright, escluso nero bright)
Sonoro: Beeper ad una voce  e 10 ottave
Dimensioni: 23 x 14,4 x 3 cm / 550g
Porte I/O: Porta di espansione, registratore a nastro (1200 baud), uscita video RF
Alimentazione: PSU Esterna, 9v DC, 1.4A
Periferiche: ZX printer, ZX microdrives

 

Articoli Correlati: 10 Giochi Leggendari per lo ZX Spectrum

 

 

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